Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security mechanism that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to authenticate their identity before gaining access to a system or application. MFA strengthens security by combining multiple forms of validation, reducing reliance on passwords alone.

MFA adds an extra layer of protection by requiring users to verify their identity using more than one method. Common factors include something the user knows (like a password), something the user has (such as a mobile device), and something the user is (like a fingerprint or facial recognition). This multi-layered approach makes it significantly harder for attackers to gain unauthorised access.

The purpose of MFA is to increase account and system security, as it reduces the risk associated with single-factor Authentication, where only one credential (e.g., a password) is needed. By requiring additional factors, MFA helps prevent unauthorised access even if one credential is compromised, making it especially valuable for sensitive applications, like banking and corporate systems.

MFA is implemented by requiring users to provide multiple forms of Authentication. For example, after entering a password, users might need to enter a one-time code sent to their mobile device or approve a push notification. Biometrics like fingerprints or facial scans are also increasingly used as part of MFA to verify user identity. Popular MFA methods include apps like Google Authenticator and physical security keys.

Examples of MFA include using a password combined with a one-time code sent via SMS/Email, or logging into a banking app by providing a password on registration followed by a fingerprint scan to login going forward. If the fingerprint isn’t recognised after multiple attempts, for security, the user will be prompted for the password before allowing access to the app. Other implementations use smart cards or dedicated hardware tokens to verify identity, often required in high-security environments.

While MFA greatly improves security, it can add complexity and inconvenience, especially if a second factor (like a mobile device) is lost or unavailable. Certain MFA methods, like SMS-based verification, can be vulnerable to SIM-swapping attacks, so using app-based or hardware token MFA is recommended for better security.