Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a security process that requires users to provide two forms of identification to verify their identity. By combining two different factors, such as something the user knows (password) and something the user has (a mobile device), 2FA enhances account security by making it harder for attackers to gain access.

2FA adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification in addition to a password. The most common forms of 2FA involve a one-time passcode sent to a mobile device, a biometric scan (such as a fingerprint), or a hardware security key. This approach reduces the risk of unauthorised access even if the user’s password is compromised.

The purpose of 2FA is to strengthen security by ensuring that only verified users can access sensitive accounts or systems. By requiring a second factor, 2FA mitigates the risk associated with weak or stolen passwords, making it particularly valuable for securing online accounts, financial services, and corporate networks.

Two-Factor Authentication is typically implemented by pairing a primary factor (password) with a secondary factor, such as a code from an authenticator app or a biometric scan. When logging in, users enter their password and are prompted for the second factor, which must be verified before access is granted. Popular 2FA methods include SMS codes, app-based codes (Google Authenticator), and hardware tokens like YubiKeys.

Examples of 2FA include logging into a bank account by entering a password and then a code sent to the user’s mobile phone, or accessing a corporate network by using a password followed by a fingerprint scan. Many online services, including social media platforms, offer 2FA as an optional security feature.

While 2FA greatly enhances security, certain methods (such as SMS-based codes) are vulnerable to SIM-swapping attacks. App-based and hardware token methods are generally more secure but may be inconvenient if the secondary device is lost or unavailable. Organisations should select 2FA methods that balance security with usability, and provide users with secure backup options.